Qalqan
From a private collection
Kalkan is an important piece of equipment, often multi-layered, reinforced with bone or metal patches. It was made from thick ox, buffalo or horse leather. The leather was often boiled in water or impregnated with wax or fat to make it stiff. Sometimes the leather was glued together in multiple layers for greater strength. A scaly structure was used: pieces of leather were sewn on like scales. It was combined with other materials. Leather armour was often worn over chain mail. There were also reinforced versions, for example, with metal plates sewn into the leather base.